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Further Mechanics - Projectiles [Preview Sample]
2026-07-01
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Projectile#

  • Newton’s equations of motion and projectile motion.
  • Projectiles from both ground level and raised platforms.
  • component of motion

Projectile#

uu 可以被拆解成两个分力: Horizontal: ux=ucosθu_x = u\cos\theta ; vertical: vy=usinθv_y = u\sin\theta

其中 uxu_x 不随改变,uxu_x 没有受到任何加速度, 所以 ux=ucosθu_x = u\cos\thetauxu_x 永远是初速度 uuxx 方向上的水平分量)

其中 uyu_y 会因为 gg 的存在而不断随时间变化, 所以 vy=usinθgtv_y = u\sin\theta - gt (由 v=u+atv = u + at 推导得,aa 为负数,gg 为重力加速度,故 a=ga = -g


当 particle 位于最高点时,垂直分量为 0,所以: vy=0v_y = 0 when the particle reaches its highest point.

vy=usinθgtv_y = u\sin\theta - gt0=usinθgt0 = u\sin\theta - gtt=usinθg到达最高点的时间.t = \frac{u\sin\theta}{g} \quad \rightarrow \text{到达最高点的时间}.

一个 particle 从出发点再到最高点,再从最高点回到与出发点同一水平线 时的时间是一样的,所以: the total flight time is t=2usinθgt = \frac{2u\sin\theta}{g}


{ux=ucosθuy=usinθ\begin{cases} u_x = u\cos\theta \\ u_y = u\sin\theta \end{cases} (分量) 应用到 s=ut+12at2s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2, 得到:

x=ucosθtx = u\cos\theta \cdot ty=usinθt12gt2y = u\sin\theta \cdot t - \frac{1}{2}gt^2

将 total flight time t=2usinθgt = \frac{2u\sin\theta}{g} 应用到 x=ucosθtx = u\cos\theta \cdot t 时:

x=u2sin2θg水平路径 (起点和终点在同一水平线).x = \frac{u^2\sin2\theta}{g} \quad \rightarrow \text{水平路径 (起点和终点在同一水平线)}.

例: u=20 m/su = 20\ \text{m/s} θ=50\theta = 50^\circ

  1. 求 range of the particle.

  2. 求 the time taken to reach the highest point.

  3. 求 the speed of the particle when t=0.5 st = 0.5\ \text{s}.

x=u2sin2θg=202sin10010=30.6 mx = \frac{u^2\sin2\theta}{g} = \frac{20^2\sin100^\circ}{10} = 30.6\ \text{m}
t=usinθg=20sin5010=0.8455 st = \frac{u\sin\theta}{g} = \frac{20\sin50^\circ}{10} = 0.8455\ \text{s}
vx=ucosθ=20cos50=15.126v_x = u\cos\theta = 20\cos50^\circ = 15.126vy=usinθgt=20sin505=3.452.v_y = u\sin\theta - gt = 20\sin50^\circ - 5 = 3.452.v=vx2+vy2=18.452 m/sv = \sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2} = 18.452\ \text{m/s}

另外用 v2=u2+2asv^2 = u^2 + 2as 求 particle 在某一高度时的垂直速度:

v2=u2+2as其中 s 为垂直方向位移变化量.v^2 = u^2 + 2as \quad \text{其中 } s \text{ 为垂直方向位移变化量}.vy2=uy22gsv_y^2 = u_y^2 - 2gsvy2=(usinθ)22gsv_y^2 = (u\sin\theta)^2 - 2gs

例1:

  1. 求 the exact time taken to reach the floor.

  2. 求 the exact speed as it hits the floor.

  3. Time.

s=ut+12at2s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^215=25sin45t5t2-15 = 25\sin45^\circ \cdot t - 5t^20=t2522 t30 = t^2 - \frac{5}{2}\sqrt{2}\ t - 3t=522±252+122t = \frac{\frac{5}{2}\sqrt{2} \pm \sqrt{\frac{25}{2} + 12}}{2}

t>0t > 0

t=32t = 3\sqrt{2}

The particle takes 32 s3\sqrt{2}\ \text{s} to reach the floor.

  1. Speed. ① v2=u2+2asv^2 = u^2 + 2as
vy2=(25sin45)2+20×15v_y^2 = (25\sin45^\circ)^2 + 20\times15vy2=612.5v_y^2 = 612.5vy=17.52.v_y = 17.5\sqrt{2}.

vx=ucosθ=12.52.v_x = u\cos\theta = 12.5\sqrt{2}.v=vx2+vy2v = \sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2} =537 m/s= 5\sqrt{37}\ \text{m/s}

The speed is 537 m/s5\sqrt{37}\ \text{m/s}

同样的方法还可以应用到负角度上:

10 m/s10\ \text{m/s} 2020^\circ ← 初始角 这种情况,求这个 particle 做 抛物线运动,下降 900m 之后的时速。

①. Vertically:

v2=u2+2asv^2 = u^2 + 2asvy2=(10sin(20))2+20×900v_y^2 = (10\sin(-20^\circ))^2 + 20\times900vy2=18017.88006...v_y^2 = 18017.88006...vy=134.23v_y = 134.23

②. Horizontally: vx=10cos20=9.06.v_x = 10\cos20^\circ = 9.06. ③. v=vx2+vy2v = \sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2} =134.54= 134.54

The Cartesian equation of the trajectory#

Trajectory: 发射角度, 发射速度, 水平位移, 垂直位移 四者之间的关系 θ\theta uu xx yy.

已知:

s=12(u+v)tx=12(ucosθ+ucosθ)tx=ucosθtt=xucosθs = \frac{1}{2}(u+v)t \\ x = \frac{1}{2}(u\cos\theta + u\cos\theta)t \\ x = u\cos\theta \cdot t \\ t = \frac{x}{u\cos\theta}

再将 t=xucosθt = \frac{x}{u\cos\theta} 代入进 y=usinθt12gt2y = u\sin\theta \cdot t - \frac{1}{2}gt^2 中:

y=usinθ(xucosθ)12g(xucosθ)2=usinθ(xucosθ)12g(x2u2cos2θ)y=xtanθgx22u2cos2θy = u\sin\theta\left(\frac{x}{u\cos\theta}\right) - \frac{1}{2}g\left(\frac{x}{u\cos\theta}\right)^2 \\ = u\sin\theta\left(\frac{x}{u\cos\theta}\right) - \frac{1}{2}g\left(\frac{x^2}{u^2\cos^2\theta}\right) \\ \boxed{y = x\tan\theta - \frac{gx^2}{2u^2\cos^2\theta}}

以此为基点, 一个 particle 在发射后再次回到同一水平线的情况, 可以假设 y=0y=0 推导出来: 0=x(tanθgx2u2cos2θ)0 = x\left(\tan\theta - \frac{gx}{2u^2\cos^2\theta}\right) tanθ=gx2u2cos2θ\tan\theta = \frac{gx}{2u^2\cos^2\theta} x=u2sin2θgx = \frac{u^2\sin2\theta}{g} distance

这与之前推导的 total flight time 的式子相同.

例: 一个 particle 在高度为1的地方发射, θ=25\theta = 25^\circ, u=20u = 20, 求下降时高度为2时 particle 经过的水平距离. 解: 高度变化为 1(=21)1(= 2-1) y=xtanθgx22u2cos2θy = x\tan\theta - \frac{gx^2}{2u^2\cos^2\theta} 1=tan25x10800cos225x21 = \tan25^\circ x - \frac{10}{800\cos^225^\circ}x^2 {x2.32x25.3\begin{cases} x \approx 2.32 \\ x \approx 25.3 \end{cases} And, the horizontal distance is 25.3 m.


当已知一个 parabolic path (例如 y=3x16x2y = 3x - \frac{1}{6}x^2) 时, 可以反推出 该 particle 的初速度和发射角度. uu θ\theta

例: 已知 y=0.3x0.1x2y = 0.3x - 0.1x^2, 求 uuθ\theta. y=xtanθgx22u2cos2θ\because y = x\tan\theta - \frac{gx^2}{2u^2\cos^2\theta} y=0.3x0.1x2y = 0.3x - 0.1x^2 {tanθ=0.3g2u2cos2θ=0.1\therefore \begin{cases} \tan\theta = 0.3 \quad \text{①} \\ \frac{g}{2u^2\cos^2\theta} = 0.1 \quad \text{②} \end{cases}

①. tanθ=0.3\tan\theta = 0.3 {θ=16.7向上的 16.7, 保留.θ=163.3向下的 163.3, reject.\begin{cases} \theta = 16.7^\circ & \text{向上的 } 16.7^\circ, \text{ 保留.} \\ \theta = -163.3^\circ & \text{向下的 } 163.3^\circ, \text{ reject.} \end{cases}

②. u2=g2×0.1×cos2θu^2 = \frac{g}{2\times0.1\times\cos^2\theta} u2=100.2u^2 = \frac{10}{0.2} u=7.35u = 7.35 Ans: θ=16.7\theta = 16.7^\circ, u=7.35u = 7.35

通过一个 parabolic path, 反推出 particle 在某一角度的其他状态. 例1: Initial Condition: y0=50y_0 = 50, u=25u = 25, a=10a = -10 Unknown Condition: θ=30\theta = -30^\circ 解: {vx=25cos30vy=25sin30\begin{cases} v_x = 25\cos30^\circ \\ v_y = 25\sin30^\circ \end{cases} tan(30)=dydx\tan(-30^\circ) = \frac{dy}{dx} vy=33vx-v_y = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}v_x ①. v=u+atv = u + at vy=25sin10gtv_y = 25\sin10^\circ - gt 33vx=25sin10gt-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}v_x = 25\sin10^\circ - gt } 错[?]转换 33×25cos30=25sin10gt-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\times25\cos30^\circ = 25\sin10^\circ - gtvxv_x 不在[?]时改变 t=9.673t = 9.673

②. s=ut+12at2s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 y=25sin105t2y = 25\sin10^\circ - 5t^2 =9.14= -9.14 ③. 509.14=40.950 - 9.14 = 40.9 m. above the ground.


Summary#

初始速度的分量 {ux=ucosθuy=usinθ\begin{cases} u_x = u\cos\theta \\ u_y = u\sin\theta \end{cases}

考虑时间 tt 和加速度 aa 后得到: 应用 v=u+atv = u + at. {vx=ucosθ,a=0vy=usinθgt,a=g\begin{cases} v_x = u\cos\theta &, a = 0 \\ v_y = u\sin\theta - gt &, a = -g \end{cases}

将速度与位移建立联系: 应用 s=ut+12at2s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2. {x=ucosθty=usinθt12gt2\begin{cases} x = u\cos\theta \cdot t \\ y = u\sin\theta \cdot t - \frac{1}{2}gt^2 \end{cases} → 特例: total flight time t=2usinθgt = \frac{2u\sin\theta}{g}

将上两个式子结合, 可以消除 tt, 得到 初速度(发射角度 θ\theta 和发射速度 uu) 和位移(水平方向 xx 和垂直方向 yy) 的关系式: y=xtanθgx22u2cos2θy = x\tan\theta - \frac{gx^2}{2u^2\cos^2\theta}

或公式表的写法: y=xtanθgx22u2cos2θ\boxed{y = x\tan\theta - \frac{gx^2}{2u^2\cos^2\theta}} → 这个式子同样可以推出 y=0y=0x=u2sin2θgx = \frac{u^2\sin2\theta}{g} 总经过的水平距离 (range)

上式 xx 项的系数为 tanθ\tan\theta, x2x^2 项的系数为 g2u2cos2θ-\frac{g}{2u^2\cos^2\theta}, 则 当 y=axbx2y = ax - bx^2 时: {a=tanθb=g2u2cos2θ\begin{cases} a = \tan\theta \\ b = \frac{g}{2u^2\cos^2\theta} \end{cases}

θ\theta: Angle of projection: tanθ=vyvx\boxed{\tan\theta = \frac{v_y}{v_x}}

Further Mechanics - Projectiles [Preview Sample]
https://thyrius.top/posts/alevel-fm/fm/1-projectiles/
作者
Thyrius
发布于
2026-07-01
许可协议
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0